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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Verizon</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Vierzon" title="Vierzon">Vierzon</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Verizon Communications Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used since 2024</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in New York</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Bell Atlantic Corporation (1983–2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:VZ">VZ</a></li><li><a href="DJIA" class="mw-redirect" title="DJIA">DJIA</a> component</li><li><a href="S%26P_100" title="S&P 100">S&P 100</a> component</li><li><a href="S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class=""><a class="external text external" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US92343V1044">US92343V1044</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX Corporation</a></li><li><a href="GTE" title="GTE">GTE Corporation</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a> (2026)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">October 7, 1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1983-10-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="1095_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1095 Avenue of the Americas">1095 Avenue of the Americas</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="New_York_City%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="Hans_Vestberg" title="Hans Vestberg">Hans Vestberg</a> (<a href="Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> & <a href="Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</a>)<br>Tony Skiadas (<a href="Executive_vice_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive vice president">EVP</a> & <a href="Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Fixed_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed telephony">Fixed telephony</a></li><li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li><li><a href="Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li><li><a href="Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a></li><li><a href="IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></li><li><a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>134.79 billion</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$28.69 billion</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$17.95 billion</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$384.72 billion</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100.58 billion</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">99,600 (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_(wireless_service)" title="Verizon (wireless service)">Verizon Consumer</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a></li></ul>
</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon Fios</a></li>
<li><a href="Visible_by_Verizon" title="Visible by Verizon">Visible by Verizon</a></li>
<li><a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone Wireless</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Yahoo</a> (10%)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verizon.com">www<wbr>.verizon<wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Footnotes / references</b><br><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VerizonHQ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerizonHQ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VZ_incomestatement_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VZ_incomestatement-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VZ_balancesheet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VZ_balancesheet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-company_facts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-company_facts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Verizon Communications Inc.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Verizon.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Verizon.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Verizon.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Verizon.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Verizon.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling">və-<span style="font-size:90%">RY</span>-zən</i>), is an American <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> company headquartered in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VerizonHQ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerizonHQ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the world's <a href="List_of_telecommunications_companies#World's_largest_telecom_companies_by_total_revenue" title="List of telecommunications companies">second-largest telecommunications company</a> by revenue and <a href="Verizon_(mobile_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon (mobile network)">its mobile network</a> is the <a href="List_of_United_States_wireless_communications_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States wireless communications service providers">largest wireless carrier in the United States</a>, with 146.1 million subscribers as of June 30, 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The company was formed in 1983 as <b>Bell Atlantic</b> as a result of the <a href="Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">breakup of the Bell System</a> into seven companies, each a <a href="Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Company</a> (RBOC), commonly referred to as "Baby Bells."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was originally headquartered in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and operated in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.
</p><p>In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the <a href="New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states by merging with fellow Baby Bell <a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a>. While Bell Atlantic was the surviving company, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEX's old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic acquired <a href="GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a>, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country not already in Bell Atlantic's footprint. Bell Atlantic, the surviving entity, changed its name to Verizon, a <a href="Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau</a> of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Veritas" title="Veritas">veritas</a></i></span></i> (Latin for "truth") and <i><a href="Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, Verizon expanded into content ownership by acquiring <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two years later, it acquired <a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(1995%E2%80%932017)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)">Yahoo! Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AOL and Yahoo were <a href="Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">amalgamated</a> into a new division named Oath Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was rebranded as Verizon Media in January 2019, and was spun off and rebranded to <a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Yahoo! Inc.</a> after its sale to <a href="Apollo_Global_Management" title="Apollo Global Management">Apollo Global Management</a>.
</p><p>As of 2016, Verizon is one of three remaining companies with roots in the former Baby Bells. The other two, like Verizon, exist as a result of mergers among fellow former Baby Bell members. <a href="SBC_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="SBC Communications">SBC Communications</a> bought the Bells' former parent AT&T Corporation and took on the <a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> name, and <a href="CenturyLink" class="mw-redirect" title="CenturyLink">CenturyLink</a> acquired <a href="Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a> (formerly <a href="US_West" title="US West">US West</a>) in 2011 and later became <a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a> in 2020.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_Atlantic_and_mergers_with_NYNEX,_GTE_and_Vodafone_(1984–2002)">Bell Atlantic and mergers with NYNEX, GTE and Vodafone (1984–2002)</h3></div>
<p>In 1983, the US Department of Justice came to a settlement with <a href="AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">the original AT&T</a> to breakup the Bell System. Bell Atlantic Corporation was created as one of the original "<a href="Baby_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Bell">Baby Bell</a>" Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield05_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield05-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer83_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer83-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bell Atlantic's original roster of operating companies included:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">New Jersey Bell</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goodnough96_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodnough96-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Delaware" title="Verizon Delaware">Diamond State Telephone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vise89_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vise89-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">C&P Telephone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vise89_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vise89-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (itself comprising four subsidiaries)<sup id="cite_ref-AssociatedPress89_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssociatedPress89-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>In 1996, CEO and Chairman Raymond W. Smith orchestrated Bell Atlantic's merger with fellow Baby Bell <a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a>, which had received <a href="Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">New York Telephone</a> and <a href="Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">New England Telephone</a> in the breakup.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it merged, it moved its corporate headquarters from Philadelphia to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NYNEX was consolidated into the Bell Atlantic name by 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>In April 2000, two months before the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) gave final approval on the formation of Verizon Communications, Bell Atlantic formed <a href="Verizon_(wireless_service)" title="Verizon (wireless service)">Verizon Wireless</a> in a <a href="Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> with the British telecommunications company <a href="Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, which owned the mobile operator <a href="AirTouch" title="AirTouch">AirTouch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnBorland_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnBorland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN99_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ErichLuening_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ErichLuening-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies established Verizon Wireless as its own business operated by Bell Atlantic, which owned 55% of the venture.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN99_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vodafone retained 45% of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN99_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was valued at approximately $70 billion and created a mobile carrier with 23 million customers.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnBorland_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnBorland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN99_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon Wireless merged Bell Atlantic's wireless network, Vodafone's AirTouch and <a href="PrimeCo" title="PrimeCo">PrimeCo</a> holdings, and the wireless division of GTE.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN99_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ToddWeiss_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToddWeiss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EveTahmincioglu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EveTahmincioglu-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its size, Verizon Wireless was able to offer national coverage at competitive rates, giving it an advantage over regional providers typical of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnBorland_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnBorland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bell Atlantic changed its name to Verizon Communications in June 2000, when the FCC approved the US$64.7 billion merger with telephone company GTE, nearly two years after the deal was proposed in July 1998. The merger was announced on April 4.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN00_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN00-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Verizon derives from the combination of the words <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Veritas" title="Veritas">veritas</a></i></span></i>, Latin for truth, and <a href="Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BryanCulp_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryanCulp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The approval came with 25 stipulations to preserve competition between local phone carriers, including investing in new markets and <a href="Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN00_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN00-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new entity was headed by co-CEOs Charles Lee, former CEO of <a href="GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a>, and Bell Atlantic CEO <a href="Ivan_Seidenberg" title="Ivan Seidenberg">Ivan Seidenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN00_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN00-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon became the largest local telephone company in the United States, operating 63 million telephone lines in 40 states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also inherited 25 million mobile phone customers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Verizon offered internet services and long-distance calling in New York, before expanding long-distance operations to other states.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN00_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN00-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BruceMeyerson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruceMeyerson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Approximately 85,000 Verizon workers went on an <a href="Verizon_strike_of_2000" title="Verizon strike of 2000">18-day labor strike</a> in August 2000 after their union contracts expired.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNAug00_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNAug00-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike affected quarterly revenues,<sup id="cite_ref-CecilyBarnes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CecilyBarnes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in Verizon Wireless' postponement of the company's initial public offering (IPO)<sup id="cite_ref-CecilyBarnes_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CecilyBarnes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the IPO was ultimately cancelled in 2003 because the company no longer needed to raise revenue for Verizon Wireless due to increased profits),<sup id="cite_ref-Telegeography_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegeography-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and created a backlog of repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNAug00_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNAug00-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strike did not involve all company employees, as most line technicians and user technicians of the company are in a union.
</p><p>Verizon launched <a href="3G" title="3G">3G</a> service in 2002, which doubled the Internet speed of the time to 144 kb per second.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2002, Verizon began offering local, long-distance, and mobile calling, as well as Internet service, in a <a href="Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">bundle</a>. It was initially only available to customers in New York and Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-BruceMeyerson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruceMeyerson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_expansion_(2003–2010)">Early expansion (2003–2010)</h3></div>
<p>The <a href="Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> added Verizon Communications to its <a href="Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">stock market index</a> in April 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-ChrisIsidore_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrisIsidore-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon replaced telecom competitor AT&T, which had been a part of the index since the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChrisIsidore_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrisIsidore-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon launched its <a href="Verizon_FiOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon FiOS">Fios</a> Internet service, which transmits data over <a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables, in <a href="Keller%2C_Texas" title="Keller, Texas">Keller, Texas</a>, in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterSvensson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterSvensson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charny04_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charny04-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company launched Fios TV in September 2005, also in Keller. Twenty percent of qualified homes had signed up by the end of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-BartonEckert_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BartonEckert-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 2006, Fios offered over 350 channels in seven states, including 20 <a href="High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> channels and <a href="Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BartonEckert_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BartonEckert-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">Mail servers</a> at Verizon.net were configured in December 2004 to not accept connections from Europe by default in an attempt to reduce <a href="Spam_email" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam email">spam email</a> that was originating from the region. Individual domains would only be unblocked upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnLeyden_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnLeyden-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move was criticized by its customers for disrupting their communications without notice,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing them to initiate a class-action lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon proposed a settlement in April 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning in 2005, Verizon reinforced its focus on its mobile phone, Internet, and TV businesses by selling a number of its U.S.-based wireline-focused businesses and international assets.<sup id="cite_ref-CraytonHarrison_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraytonHarrison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sold 700,000 lines in Hawaii in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-CraytonHarrison_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraytonHarrison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterSayer_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterSayer-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spun off</a> lines in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont in January 2007, which were then purchased by <a href="FairPoint_Communications" title="FairPoint Communications">FairPoint Communications</a> for $2.72 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-CraytonHarrison_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraytonHarrison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon also shed its telephone directory business in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-RyanFuhrmann_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanFuhrmann-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009, the company spun off wirelines in <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> into a company that then merged with <a href="Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a> in a deal valued at $8.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sold its interests in telecommunications providers in the Dominican Republic (Verizon Dominicana, previously <a href="Claro_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Claro (Dominican Republic)">CODETEL</a>), Puerto Rico and Venezuela to <a href="Am%C3%A9rica_M%C3%B3vil" title="América Móvil">América Móvil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, it would continue moves to invest in wireless. In 2015, <a href="American_Tower_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="American Tower Corp.">American Tower Corp.</a> acquired the exclusive right to lease, acquire or otherwise operate and manage many of Verizon's wireless towers for an upfront payment of $5.1 billion, which also included payment for the sale of approximately 165 towers. Verizon used the funds from this sale to support a $10.4 billion purchase of AWS-3 spectrum licenses at an FCC auction.<sup id="cite_ref-ATC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Verizon sold its wireline operations in Texas, Florida, and California to Frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon began negotiations in 2005 to purchase long-distance carrier <a href="MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a>, who accepted the company's initial $6.75 billion offer in February but then received a higher offer from <a href="Qwest_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Qwest Communications">Qwest Communications</a>. Verizon increased its bid to $7.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion, which MCI accepted on March 29, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulLaMonica_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulLaMonica-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">acquisition</a> gave the company access to MCI's million corporate clients and international holdings, expanding Verizon's presence into global markets.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulLaMonica_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulLaMonica-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidEwalt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidEwalt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Verizon Business was established as a new division to serve the company's business and government customers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC approved the deal on October 31, 2005, valuing it at $8.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon's 2006 revenues rose by as much as 20% following the purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-CraytonHarrison_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraytonHarrison-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> reported in May 2006 that Verizon, as well as AT&T and <a href="BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a>, had given the <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> <a href="Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> phone records following the <a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MelissaMcNamara_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MelissaMcNamara-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN06_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN06-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, a $50 billion lawsuit was filed by two lawyers on behalf of all Verizon subscribers for privacy violations and to prevent the company from releasing additional records without consent or warrant.<sup id="cite_ref-MelissaMcNamara_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MelissaMcNamara-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN06_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN06-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters staged the National Day of Out(R)age due in part to the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-DeclanMcCullagh_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeclanMcCullagh-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Verizon stated that it fulfilled only "lawful demands" for information,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also acknowledged surrendering customer information to government agencies without court orders or <a href="Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrants</a> 720 times between 2005 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-EllenNakashima_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllenNakashima-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon won a lawsuit against <a href="Vonage" title="Vonage">Vonage</a> for <a href="Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> in March 2007. The three patents named were filed by Bell Atlantic in 1997, and relate to the conversion of IP addresses into phone numbers, a key technology of Vonage's business.<sup id="cite_ref-LarryBarrett_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryBarrett-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was awarded US$58 million in damages and future royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-LarryBarrett_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryBarrett-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vonage later lost an appeal and was ordered to pay Verizon $120 million.<sup id="cite_ref-JeffStOnge_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeffStOnge-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2007, Verizon acquired <a href="CyberTrust" title="CyberTrust">CyberTrust</a>, a privately held provider of global information security services.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2007, Verizon Wireless reversed a controversial decision to deny <a href="NARAL_Pro-Choice_America" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL Pro-Choice America">NARAL Pro-Choice America</a> a short code through which the organization could <a href="Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text</a> consumers who had signed up for messaging from the group. The company had initially refused the group access to a code by reserving the right to block "controversial or unsavory" messages.<sup id="cite_ref-AdamLiptak_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamLiptak-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon opened its networks to third party <a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> and devices for the first time in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-BryanGardiner07_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryanGardiner07-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision that allowed it to participate in the FCC's <a href="United_States_2008_wireless_spectrum_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction">2008 700 MHz auction of "open access" spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BryanGardiner07_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryanGardiner07-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterKaplan_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterKaplan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that auction, the company bid $9.4 billion and won the bulk of national and local licenses for airwaves reaching approximately 469 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterKaplan_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterKaplan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BryanGardiner08_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryanGardiner08-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon utilized the increased spectrum for its 4G service.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterKaplan_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterKaplan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon acquired Rural Cellular Corp. for $2.7 billion in cash and assumed debt in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural-Cellular_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural-Cellular-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That summer, Verizon announced it would purchase wireless carrier <a href="Alltel" title="Alltel">Alltel</a> for $28.1 billion. The acquisition included 13 million customers, which allowed Verizon Wireless to surpass AT&T in number of customers and reach new markets in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-SineadCarew_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SineadCarew-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> began receiving reports on February 4, 2010, from Verizon Wireless customers that were having difficulties accessing the site's image boards. Administrators of the site found that only traffic on port 80 to the boards.4chan.org domain was affected, leading them to believe the block was intentional. On February 7, 2010, Verizon Wireless confirmed that 4chan.org was "explicitly blocked"<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Verizon's security and external experts detected sweep attacks coming from an IP address associated with the 4chan network. Traffic was restored several days later.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The chairmen of Verizon and Google agreed that <a href="Network_neutrality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Network neutrality in the United States">network neutrality</a> should be defined and limited in August 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2010, Verizon Wireless paid $77.8 million in refunds and FCC penalties for overcharging 15 million customers for data services. The company stated the overcharges were accidental and only amounted to a few dollars per customer.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottWoolley_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottWoolley-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CeciliaKang_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CeciliaKang-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon introduced its 4G <a href="LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> network in 38 markets, as well as airports in seven additional cities in December 2010. The company planned on a three-year continuous expansion of the <a href="4G" title="4G">4G</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_services_(2011–present)">Expansion of services (2011–present)</h3></div>
<p>Verizon acquired <a href="Verizon_Enterprise_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Enterprise Solutions">Terremark</a>, an information technology services company, for $1.4 billion in early 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ivan Seidenberg retired as Verizon's CEO on August 1, 2011, and was succeeded by <a href="Lowell_McAdam" title="Lowell McAdam">Lowell McAdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterSvensson11_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterSvensson11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2011, the non-partisan organization <a href="Public_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Campaign">Public Campaign</a> criticized Verizon for its <a href="Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> procedures after it spent $52.34 million on <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> while collecting $951 million in tax rebates between 2008 and 2010 and making a profit of $32.5 billion. The same report also criticized Verizon for increasing executive pay by 167% in 2010 for its top five executives while laying off 21,308 workers between 2008 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-AshleyPortero_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AshleyPortero-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in its <a href="Form_10-K" title="Form 10-K">Form 10-K</a> filed with the SEC on February 24, 2012, Verizon reported having paid more than $11.1 billion in taxes (including income, employment and property taxes) from 2009 to 2011. In addition, the company reported in the 10-K that most of the drop in employment since 2008 was due to a voluntary retirement offer.<sup id="cite_ref-SEC_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEC-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon purchased Hughes Telematics, a producer of wireless features for <a href="Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, for $612 million in June 2012 as part of its strategy to expand into new growth areas in its wireless business.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, Verizon's <a href="Enhanced_911" title="Enhanced 911">E-911</a> service failed in the aftermath of the <a href="June_2012_North_American_derecho" title="June 2012 North American derecho">June 2012 derecho storm</a> in several northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., with some problems lasting several days.<sup id="cite_ref-JustinJuvenal_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustinJuvenal-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC conducted an investigation<sup id="cite_ref-JustinJuvenal_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustinJuvenal-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released a report detailing the problems that led to the failure in January 2013. Verizon reported that it had already addressed or was addressing a number of the issues related to the FCC report, including the causes of generator failures, conducting audits of backup systems, and making its monitoring systems less centralized,<sup id="cite_ref-EdwardWyatt_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdwardWyatt-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the FCC indicated that Verizon still needed to make additional improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-MaryFlaherty_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaryFlaherty-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The FCC ruled that Verizon must stop charging users an added fee for using 4G smartphones and tablets as <a href="Wi-Fi_hotspot" title="Wi-Fi hotspot">Wi-Fi hotspots</a> (known as "<a href="Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>"). Verizon had been charging its customers, even those with "unlimited" plans, $20 per month for tethering. As part of the 2012 settlement, Verizon made a voluntary payment of $1.25 million to the <a href="U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan-Nichols_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-Nichols-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2012, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> approved Verizon's purchase of <a href="Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">Advanced Wireless Services</a> (AWS) spectrum from a consortium of cable companies, including <a href="Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, <a href="Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a> and <a href="Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House Networks</a>, for $3.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon began expanding its LTE network utilizing these extra airwaves in October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported it had obtained an order by the <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) and approved by the <a href="United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a> that required Verizon to provide the <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) with telephone <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> for all calls originating in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-EwenMacAskill_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EwenMacAskill-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FoxNews_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxNews-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon Wireless was not part of the NSA data collection for wireless accounts due to foreign ownership issues.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon purchased Vodafone's 45% stake in Verizon in September 2013 for $130 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal closed on February 21, 2014, and became the third largest corporate deal ever signed, giving Verizon Communications sole ownership of Verizon Wireless.<sup id="cite_ref-DevindraHardawar_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DevindraHardawar-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On January 14, 2014, the <a href="United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">DC Circuit Court of Appeals</a> struck down the FCC's <a href="Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> rules after Verizon filed suit against them in January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-LeticiaMiranda_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeticiaMiranda-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RyanSingel_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanSingel-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, in a 184-page ruling, the <a href="United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> upheld, by a 2–1 vote, the FCC's net neutrality rules and the FCC's determination that broadband access is a <a href="Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> rather than a luxury. AT&T and the telecom industry said they would seek to appeal the decision to the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <i><a href="Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported that Verizon received more than 1,000 requests for information about its subscribers on national security grounds via <a href="National_Security_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Letters">National Security Letters</a>. In total, Verizon received 321,545 requests from federal, state and local law enforcement for U.S. customer information.<sup id="cite_ref-RyanKnutson_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanKnutson-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, Verizon agreed to pay $90 million "to settle federal and state investigations into allegations mobile customers were improperly billed for premium text messages."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon Wireless launched the technology news website SugarString in October 2014. The publication attracted controversy after it was reported that its writers were forbidden from publishing articles related to <a href="Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> or domestic <a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. Although Verizon denied that this was the case, the site (described as being a pilot project) was shuttered in December.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2015, Verizon launched <a href="Verizon_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Hum">Hum</a>, a service and device offering vehicle diagnostic and monitoring tools for vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 1, 2016, Verizon announced its acquisition of <a href="Fleetmatics" title="Fleetmatics">Fleetmatics</a>, a <a href="Fleet_telematics_system" title="Fleet telematics system">fleet telematics system</a> company in <a href="Dublin%2C_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</a>, for $2.4 billion, to build products that it offers to enterprises for logistics and mobile workforces.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 12, 2016, Verizon announced its acquisition of Sensity, a startup for <a href="Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">LED sensors</a>, in an effort to bolster its <a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, Verizon acquired mapping startup SocialRadar, whose technology would be integrated with <a href="MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon was accused by <a href="Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">Communications Workers of America</a> of deliberately refusing to maintain its <a href="Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">copper telephone service</a> in 2016. The organization released internal memos and other documents stating that Verizon workers in Pennsylvania were being instructed to, in areas with network problems, migrate voice-only customers to VoiceLink, a system that delivers telephone service over the Verizon Wireless network, instead of repairing the copper lines. VoiceLink has limitations, including incompatibility with services or devices that require the transmission of data over the telephone line, and a dependency on battery backup in case of power failure. The memo warned that technicians who do not follow this procedure would be subject to "disciplinary action up to and including dismissal". A Verizon spokesperson responded to the allegations, stating that the company's top priority was to restore service to customers as quickly as possible, and that VoiceLink was a means of doing so in the event that larger repairs had to be done to the infrastructure. The spokesperson stated that it was "hard to argue with disciplining someone who intentionally leaves a customer without service".<sup id="cite_ref-ars-verizoncopperfired_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-verizoncopperfired-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars-voicelink_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-voicelink-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon was reported to be in talks with <a href="Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter Communications</a> in January 2017 to discuss a possible buyout.<sup id="cite_ref-charter1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charter2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charter reportedly rejected the deal around the end of May 2017, citing that the offer was too low for them to accept, and its largest shareholder <a href="Liberty_Media" title="Liberty Media">Liberty Media</a> stated that they were not ready to sell.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon added to its fiber-optic network and 5G capabilities in February 2017 when it closed its $1.8 billion acquisition of <a href="XO_Communications" title="XO Communications">XO Communications</a>' fiber-optic network business.<sup id="cite_ref-Corning-XO_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corning-XO-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon and <a href="Corning_Inc." title="Corning Inc.">Corning Inc.</a> announced a deal in April 2017 whereby Verizon would purchase 12.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>million<span class="nowrap"> </span>miles of optical fiber per year from Corning from 2018 through 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Corning-XO_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corning-XO-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months later, Verizon purchased <a href="WideOpenWest" class="mw-redirect" title="WideOpenWest">WideOpenWest</a>'s fiber-optic assets in the Chicago market for $225<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-WideOpenWest_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WideOpenWest-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 2017, Verizon was sued by New York City for violating its cable franchise agreement, which required the provider to pass a fiberoptic network to all households in the city by June 30, 2014. Verizon disputed the claims, citing landlords not granting permission to install the equipment on their properties, and an understanding with the government that the fiber network would follow the same routes as its copper lines, and did not necessarily mean it would have to pass the lines in front of every property.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-verizonnyclawsuit_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-verizonnyclawsuit-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</style><span class="vanchor"><span class="vanchor-text">Verizon Connect</span></span> was created in 2018, combining the individual Telematics, Fleetmatics, and <a href="Telogis" title="Telogis">Telogis</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moritz18_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moritz18-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szal18_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szal18-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On December 10, 2018, Verizon announced that 10,400 managers had agreed to leave the company as part of a "voluntary separation program" offered to 44,000 employees, resulting in a cut of around 7% of its workforce. At the same time, the company announced a $4.6 billion write-off on its media division, citing "increased competitive and market pressures throughout 2018 that have resulted in lower-than-expected revenues and earning."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon underwent structural and organizational changes from 2018 to 2019. Hans Vestberg succeeded Lowell McAdam as CEO on August 1, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Change_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Change-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keypeople_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keypeople-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vestberg's strategy focused on Verizon's 5G technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Keypeople_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keypeople-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2019, Verizon reorganized itself into three new divisions—Consumer, Business and Media.<sup id="cite_ref-Keypeople_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keypeople-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reorg-Reuters_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reorg-Reuters-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon began offering anti-spam and robocalling features free of charge to all customers beginning in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon began rolling out its <a href="5G" title="5G">5G</a> mobile network in April 2019; the network was active in 30 cities by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon uses <a href="Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">millimeter-wave</a> (mmWave) spectrum as part of its 5G network.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While capable of very high speeds, mmWave has limited range and poor building penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On January 14, 2020, Verizon announced the launch of its privacy-focused <a href="Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> OneSearch.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon acquired videoconferencing service <a href="BlueJeans" title="BlueJeans">BlueJeans</a> in May 2020 in order to expand its business portfolio offerings, particularly its unified communications offerings. While the price of the acquisition was not announced, it was believed to be in the sub $500 million range.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2020, Verizon announced its plans to acquire <a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone Wireless</a> (a business unit of Mexican telecom business, <a href="Am%C3%A9rica_M%C3%B3vil" title="América Móvil">América Móvil</a>) for $6.25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was approved by the FCC on November 22, 2021, and closed the following day.
</p><p>In 2021, Verizon and <a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> delayed <a href="5G" title="5G">5G</a> network deployment because the service could interfere with airplane <a href="Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> security systems.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early January 2022, the companies announced 5G deployment but agreed to a two-week delay.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-January, Verizon said the high-speed wireless service would still launch, but with a temporary restriction around airports. In late January 2022, the <a href="Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> agreed with AT&T and Verizon on a list of measures that would make it possible to activate 5G on more towers.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, carriers have been able to pinpoint areas around airports where the 5G signal should be attenuated, and the FAA reported that about 90% of US commercial aircraft are equipped with approved radio <a href="Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a>, allowing them to land in areas of poor visibility with a deployed 5G network. The agency also said work is continuing to ensure that all aircraft can operate within range of the service.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon more than doubled its existing mid-band spectrum holdings in early 2021 by adding an average of 161<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz of <a href="C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-Band</a> nationwide, purchased for $52.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion at an FCC C-Band auction. The company won between 140 and 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz of C-Band spectrum in every available market.<sup id="cite_ref-Doubled_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doubled-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2023, Verizon announced plans to open a new global center of excellence in <a href="Limerick%2C_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick, Ireland">Limerick, Ireland</a>, in early 2024, aiming to create over 400 jobs in the next two years. This expansion, which adds to its existing workforce of 1,000 employees in Dublin, will offer various positions in technology and communications, including financial operations and network engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2024 Verizon announced a partnership to access direct-to-cell capabilities with satellite manufacturer <a href="AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a>, which will improve cellular and broadband access in remote areas of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On September 5, 2024, Verizon announced its intent to acquire Frontier in an all-stock deal for $38.50 per-share, valuing the company at $20 billion. Vestberg stated that the proposed acquisition was a "strategic fit" to expand its fiber network.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 16, 2025, the Federal Communications Commission approved the acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2025, Verizon announced that they would end diversity, equity and inclusion programs after the Trump administration opened a probe into them.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_of_AOL_and_Yahoo">Acquisition of AOL and Yahoo</h4></div>
<p>Verizon acquired <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> in 2015 at $50 per share, for a deal valued around $4.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Verizon announced it would acquire the core internet business of <a href="Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> for $4.83<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the completion of the acquisitions, Verizon created a new division called Oath, which includes the AOL and Yahoo brands.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale did not include Yahoo's stakes in <a href="Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a> and <a href="Yahoo!_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">Yahoo! Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon CEO Lowell McAdam in 2017 confirmed the company plans to launch a streaming TV service.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integrated AOL-Yahoo operation, housed under the newly created Oath division, would be organized around key content-based pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon completed its acquisition of Yahoo for $4.48 billion on June 13, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Merger_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merger-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon sold its media group, including AOL and Yahoo, to <a href="Apollo_Global_Management" title="Apollo Global Management">Apollo Global Management</a> for $5 billion in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Verizon retaining a 10% stake in the division.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2></div>
<p>For the <a href="Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2024, Verizon reported earnings of US$17.95 billion, with an annual revenue of US$134.788 billion, an increase of 0.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. Verizon's shares traded at over $45 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$163.96 billion in January 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon is currently ranked #31 in the Fortune 500 for 2023 and #68 in the Fortune Global 500.
</p>
<table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Revenue<br>in million US$
</th>
<th>Net income<br>in million US$
</th>
<th>Total Assets<br>in million US$
</th>
<th>Price per Share<br>in US$
</th>
<th>Employees
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>69,518
</td>
<td>7,397
</td>
<td>168,130
</td>
<td>33.85
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>88,182
</td>
<td>6,197
</td>
<td>188,804
</td>
<td>34.05
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>93,469
</td>
<td>5,521
</td>
<td>186,959
</td>
<td>41.22
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2008
</td>
<td>97,354
</td>
<td>−2,193
</td>
<td>202,352
</td>
<td>34.90
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009
</td>
<td>107,808
</td>
<td>4,894
</td>
<td>226,907
</td>
<td>30.46
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>106,565
</td>
<td>2,549
</td>
<td>220,005
</td>
<td>30.41
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2011
</td>
<td>110,875
</td>
<td>2,404
</td>
<td>230,461
</td>
<td>36.64
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2012
</td>
<td>115,846
</td>
<td>875
</td>
<td>225,222
</td>
<td>42.00
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>120,550
</td>
<td>11,497
</td>
<td>274,098
</td>
<td>48.66
</td>
<td>176,800
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2014
</td>
<td>127,079
</td>
<td>9,625
</td>
<td>232,616
</td>
<td>48.61
</td>
<td>177,300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>131,620
</td>
<td>17,879
</td>
<td>244,175
</td>
<td>47.17
</td>
<td>177,700
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016
</td>
<td>125,980
</td>
<td>13,127
</td>
<td>244,180
</td>
<td>51.40
</td>
<td>160,900
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017
</td>
<td>126,034
</td>
<td>30,101
</td>
<td>257,143
</td>
<td>48.24
</td>
<td>155,400
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018
</td>
<td>130,863
</td>
<td>15,528
</td>
<td>264,829
</td>
<td>52.08
</td>
<td>144,500
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>131,868
</td>
<td>19,265
</td>
<td>291,727
</td>
<td>58.06
</td>
<td>135,000
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020
</td>
<td>128,292
</td>
<td>18,348
</td>
<td>316,481
</td>
<td>58.75
</td>
<td>132,200
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021
</td>
<td>133,613
</td>
<td>22,618
</td>
<td>366,596
</td>
<td>52.25
</td>
<td>118,400
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td>136,835
</td>
<td>21,748
</td>
<td>379,680
</td>
<td>39.40
</td>
<td>117,100
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2023
</td>
<td>133,974
</td>
<td>12,095
</td>
<td>380,255
</td>
<td>40.15
</td>
<td>105,400
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2024
</td>
<td>134,788
</td>
<td>17,949
</td>
<td>374,711
</td>
<td>38.90
</td>
<td>99,600
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States">States</h2></div>
<p>The company offers Internet, traditional landline phone or VoIP, home security, pay television, web hosting and wholesale data in nine states across the eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<dl><dt>Key markets include</dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Delaware</b></li>
<li><b>Maryland</b>
<ul><li>Baltimore</li>
<li>Salisbury</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Massachusetts</b>
<ul><li>Boston</li></ul></li>
<li><b>New Jersey</b></li>
<li><b>New York</b>
<ul><li>Albany</li>
<li>Auburn</li>
<li>Binghamton</li>
<li>Buffalo</li>
<li>Glens Falls</li>
<li>Saratoga Springs</li>
<li>Long Island</li>
<li>New York City</li>
<li>Plattsburgh</li>
<li>Syracuse</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Pennsylvania</b>
<ul><li>Harrisburg</li>
<li>Philadelphia</li>
<li>Pittsburgh</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Rhode Island</b>
<ul><li>Providence</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Virginia</b>
<ul><li>Norfolk</li>
<li>Richmond</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Washington, DC</b></li></ul></div>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_campaigns">Marketing campaigns</h2></div>
<p>Since its inception, Verizon Communications has run several marketing campaigns, including:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Can_you_hear_me_now?">Can you hear me now?</h3></div>
<p>The "Can you hear me now?" campaign, which was created for the newly formed Verizon Wireless, started running in 2001, and featured actor <a href="Paul_Marcarelli" title="Paul Marcarelli">Paul Marcarelli</a> in the role of "Test Man", a character based on a Verizon network tester, who travels the country asking "Can you hear me now?".<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel00_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel00-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fulford03_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulford03-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard04_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard04-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign, originally conceived by New York agency <a href="Bozell" title="Bozell">Bozell</a>, ran from early 2001 to September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel11_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel11-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgranapr11_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgranapr11-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from the technology tracking firm The <a href="Yankee_Group" title="Yankee Group">Yankee Group</a> showed that, in the early years of the campaign, net customers grew 10% to 32.5 million in 2002 and 15% more to 37.5 million in 2003. In addition, customer turnover dropped to 1.8% in 2001, down from 2.5% in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard04_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard04-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Marcarelli parted ways with Verizon, and became a spokesperson for <a href="Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="There's_a_map_for_that">There's a map for that</h3></div>
<p>The "There's a map for that" campaign was launched in late 2009, designed as a parody of AT&T's "There's an app for that" campaign. The ads depicted a side-by-side comparison of Verizon and AT&T network coverage maps.<sup id="cite_ref-AP09_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP09-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early November 2009, AT&T filed a lawsuit in Atlanta federal court, claiming that the coverage maps being used in the ads were misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley09_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley09-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was dropped later that month in conjunction with Verizon dropping a similar suit against AT&T.<sup id="cite_ref-AP09_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP09-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executives">Executives</h3></div>
<p>As of 2024:<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ2023_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ2023-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Hans_Vestberg" title="Hans Vestberg">Hans Vestberg</a>, chairman and CEO</li>
<li>Sowmyanarayan Sampath, head of Verizon Consumer</li>
<li>Kyle Malady, head of <a href="Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_responsibility">Corporate responsibility</h2></div>
<p>Verizon grants money to organizations through its philanthropic arm, The Verizon Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company ran HopeLine, which had provided mobile phones to victims of domestic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon's educational initiatives include the Verizon Innovative Learning Schools program that provides children access to STEM education programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Between 2019 and 2023, Verizon issued five <a href="Green_bond" title="Green bond">green bonds</a> for a total of $5 billion. Proceeds from its 2023 issue were earmarked to transition to more environmentally friendly electrical grids.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, Verizon launched its "Citizen Verizon" plan with an outline of social and environmental goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among this plan is a pledge to be completely carbon neutral by 2035. The plan also includes digital-skills training for young people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_concerns">Security concerns</h3></div>
<p>According to Google Project Zero researcher <a href="Tavis_Ormandy" title="Tavis Ormandy">Tavis Ormandy</a>, Verizon applies a simplistic certification methodology to give its "Excellence in Information Security Testing" award, e.g. to <a href="Comodo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Comodo Group">Comodo Group</a>. It focuses on <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> functions instead of testing security relevant features. Not detected were Chromodo browser disabling of the <a href="Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">same-origin policy</a>, a <a href="VNC" title="VNC">VNC</a>-delivered with a default of weak authentication, not enabling address space layout randomization (<a href="ASLR" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLR">ASLR</a>) when scanning, and using <a href="Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control lists</a> (ACLs) throughout its product.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon was reported to have been affected by a 2024 <a href="2024_U.S._internet_service_provider_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 U.S. internet service provider hack">attack</a> from the <a href="Salt_Typhoon" title="Salt Typhoon">Salt Typhoon</a> <a href="Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">advanced persistent threat</a> linked to the <a href="Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net_neutrality">Net neutrality</h3></div>
<p>Verizon and Comcast have been actively lobbying for current changes in the <a href="Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">FCC's regulations</a> that require internet service providers to offer all content at one internet speed regardless of the type of content since the early 2000s. In 2014, Verizon <a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)">unsuccessfully sued the FCC</a> for these powers.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2017, it was reported that Verizon's mobile network had been limiting streaming services such as <a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> to a speed of 10 Mbit/s; Verizon stated to <i>Ars Technica</i> that it had been testing a system to "optimize the performance of video applications on our network", and that it would not affect video quality.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deceptive_advertising_of_5G">Deceptive advertising of 5G</h3></div>
<p>In May 2020, the <a href="Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a> criticized Verizon for claiming it was "building the most powerful 5G experience for America" and recommended that the company make clear and conspicuous disclosures to consumers about the limited actual availability of its 5G network.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon had been cited by the Better Business Bureau in March 2019 for ads that "convey the message that Verizon has achieved the important milestone of deploying the first mobile wireless 5G network" prior to 5G availability, falsely conveying that the technology was currently available.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3></div>
<p>Verizon has a one-star <a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> rating from the <a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2024, Verizon was fined nearly $47 million by the FCC for illegally sharing access to customers' real-time location data.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsorships_and_venues">Sponsorships and venues</h2></div>
<p>Verizon is the title sponsor of several large performance and sports venues as well as a sponsor of many major sporting organizations.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Hockey_League">National Hockey League</h3></div>
<p>In January 2007, Verizon secured exclusive marketing and promotional rights with the <a href="National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMarrais07_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMarrais07-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was extended for another three years in 2012 and included new provisions for the league to provide exclusive content through Verizon's GameCenter app.<sup id="cite_ref-Long12_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long12-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorsports">Motorsports</h3></div>
<p>In 2009 and 2010 Verizon sponsored <a href="Justin_Allgaier" title="Justin Allgaier">Justin Allgaier</a> in the <a href="NASCAR_Nationwide_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NASCAR Nationwide Series">NASCAR Nationwide Series</a>, before they chose to opt out of a two-year-old <a href="NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> team sponsorship with <a href="Team_Penske" title="Team Penske">Penske Racing</a> in order to pursue an expanded presence with the <a href="IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peltz14_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peltz14-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2014 Verizon became title sponsor of the series through 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-AP14_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP14-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon also sponsored a race in the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season, the Verizon 200 at the Brickyard at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Football_League">National Football League</h3></div>
<p>In late 2010, Verizon Communications joined with <a href="Vodafone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Group">Vodafone Group</a> in a joint partnership to replace <a href="Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> as the official wireless telecommunications partner of the <a href="National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEG10_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEG10-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-year deal was estimated at $720 million. In June 2013, Verizon announced a four-year extension with the NFL in a deal reportedly valued at $1 billion. The new agreement gave Verizon the right to stream every NFL regular-season and playoff game.<sup id="cite_ref-sposnorship13_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sposnorship13-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USA_Team_Handball">USA Team Handball</h3></div>
<p>In January 2020, Verizon became a founding partner of <a href="USA_Team_Handball" title="USA Team Handball">USA Team Handball</a> through the year 2020, with an option to extend the deal until 2024. They are the jersey sponsor for the <a href="United_States_men's_national_handball_team" title="United States men's national handball team">men's</a> and <a href="United_States_women's_national_handball_team" title="United States women's national handball team">women's</a> national handball team and the <a href="United_States_national_beach_handball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national beach handball team">men's</a> and <a href="United_States_women's_national_beach_handball_team" title="United States women's national beach handball team">women's</a> national beach handball teams. They are presenter of the <a href="USA_Team_Handball_College_Nationals" title="USA Team Handball College Nationals">USA Team Handball College Nationals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020 <a href="USA_Team_Handball" title="USA Team Handball">USA Team Handball</a> CEO Barry Siff that they are planning to create an American professional team handball league sponsored by Verizon.<sup id="cite_ref-urlProfessional_handball_League_in_USA_with_10_teams_to_start_in_2023?_|_Handball_Planet_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlProfessional_handball_League_in_USA_with_10_teams_to_start_in_2023?_|_Handball_Planet-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are planning to have the owners until the end of 2020. They are planning to launch the league in 2023 with 10 teams with each team initially worth $3 million to $5 million and want to cooperate with <a href="NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> or <a href="NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> owners in one-tenant arena situations.<sup id="cite_ref-urlVerizon_steps_into_Rings,_sponsors_Team_Handball_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlVerizon_steps_into_Rings,_sponsors_Team_Handball-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create multisports clubs like <a href="FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> or <a href="Paris_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain">Paris Saint-Germain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2026_FIFA_World_Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</h3></div>
<p>In September 2024, Verizon announced they would be a sponsor for the <a href="2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a> in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, where they will provide access to their cellular network for visiting fans at stadiums, fan fests, and the metropolitan areas of the host cities.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3></div>
<p>The main home concert hall of the <a href="Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> at the <a href="Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts">Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts</a> is named Verizon Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Oestreich01_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oestreich01-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon was the former sponsor for a number of sporting and entertainment arenas, including <a href="Simmons_Bank_Arena" title="Simmons Bank Arena">Simmons Bank Arena</a> (formerly Verizon Arena) in <a href="North_Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="North Little Rock">North Little Rock</a>, Arkansas,<sup id="cite_ref-VerizonArena_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerizonArena-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Mayo_Clinic_Health_System_Event_Center" title="Mayo Clinic Health System Event Center">Mayo Clinic Health System Event Center</a> (formerly Verizon Center) in Mankato, Minnesota,<sup id="cite_ref-FreePress_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreePress-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="SNHU_Arena" title="SNHU Arena">SNHU Arena</a> in Manchester, New Hampshire, which was originally known as the Verizon Wireless Arena until September 2016 when <a href="Southern_New_Hampshire_University" title="Southern New Hampshire University">Southern New Hampshire University</a> acquired the naming rights for a period of at least 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SNHU_Partners_with_SMG_Group_for_Arena_Naming_Rights_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNHU_Partners_with_SMG_Group_for_Arena_Naming_Rights-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verizon was also the title sponsor of entertainment amphitheaters in locations throughout the United States, including four individually referred to as the "Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre" in Irvine, California,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison16_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison16-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland Heights, Missouri,<sup id="cite_ref-Feldt14_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldt14-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selma, Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-Levy11_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy11-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alpharetta, Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruggieri18_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggieri18-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verizon is a former sponsor of the <a href="Capital_One_Arena" title="Capital One Arena">Capital One Arena</a> in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura07_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura07-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_strike_of_2016" title="Verizon strike of 2016">Verizon strike of 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_United_States_telephone_companies" title="List of United States telephone companies">List of United States telephone companies</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-AP14-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP14_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010155455/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-211ab062572340f58ff899f624af4bbb.html">"Verizon becomes title sponsor of IndyCar Series"</a>. <i>AP Online</i>. March 14, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-211ab062572340f58ff899f624af4bbb.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IEG10-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEG10_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sponsorship.com/iegsr/2010/12/20/How-Verizon-Wireless-Views-Sponsorship,-Activation.aspx#.UynmEvldW_g">"How Verizon Wireless Views Sponsorship, Activation and ROI"</a>. IEG Sponsorship Report. December 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307043953/http://www.sponsorship.com/IEGSR/2010/12/20/How-Verizon-Wireless-Views-Sponsorship,-Activation.aspx#.UynmEvldW_g">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sposnorship13-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sposnorship13_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sponsorship.com/iegsr/2013/08/05/Wireless-Service-Providers-Dial-Up-New-Sponsorship.aspx#.UynouPldW_g">"Wireless Service Providers Dial Up New Sponsorships"</a>. Sponsorship.com. August 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111054/http://www.sponsorship.com/IEGSR/2013/08/05/Wireless-Service-Providers-Dial-Up-New-Sponsorship.aspx#.UynouPldW_g">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120135557/https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Team-Handball/News/2020/January/19/USA-Team-Handball-Announces-Founding-Partner-Jersey-Partnership-With-Verizon">"USA Team Handball Announces Founding Partner/Jersey Partnership With Verizon"</a>. <i><a href="USA_Team_Handball" title="USA Team Handball">USA Team Handball</a></i>. January 20, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Team-Handball/News/2020/January/19/USA-Team-Handball-Announces-Founding-Partner-Jersey-Partnership-With-Verizon">the original</a> on January 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-urlProfessional_handball_League_in_USA_with_10_teams_to_start_in_2023?_|_Handball_Planet-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlProfessional_handball_League_in_USA_with_10_teams_to_start_in_2023?_|_Handball_Planet_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handball-planet.com/professional-handball-league-in-usa-with-10-teams-to-start-in-2023/">"Professional handball League in USA with 10 teams to start in 2023? | Handball Planet"</a>. January 28, 2020.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-urlVerizon_steps_into_Rings,_sponsors_Team_Handball-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlVerizon_steps_into_Rings,_sponsors_Team_Handball_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2020/01/20/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Marketing-and-Sponsorship.aspx">"Verizon steps into Rings, sponsors Team Handball"</a>. January 20, 2020.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLefton2020" class="citation web cs1">Lefton, Terry (January 22, 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2020/01/22/verizon-steps-into-the-olympic-rings-sponsors-team.html">"Verizon steps into the Olympic rings, sponsors Team Handball"</a></span>. <i><a href="New_York_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Business Journal">New York Business Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2024/09/24/verizon-global-sponsor-fifa-world-cup">"Verizon signs on as global sponsor for 2026 World Cup"</a>. <i>www.sportsbusinessjournal.com</i>. September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verizon.com/about/news/verizon-named-fifa-world-cup-26">"Verizon named Telecommunication Services Sponsor for FIFA World Cup 26™ and Tournament Supporter for FIFA Women's World Cup 2027™"</a>. <i>www.verizon.com</i>. September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oestreich01-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oestreich01_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOestreich2001" class="citation news cs1">Oestreich, James (December 9, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/music-philadelphia-gets-a-new-concert-hall-a-century-aborning.html">"Philadelphia gets a new concert hall a century aborning"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142357/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/music-philadelphia-gets-a-new-concert-hall-a-century-aborning.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VerizonArena-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VerizonArena_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2019" class="citation news cs1">Kruse, Nyssa (September 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/sep/30/verizon-arena-change-name-simmons-bank-arena/">"North Little Rock's Verizon Arena to change name to Simmons Bank Arena this week"</a>. <i><a href="Arkansas_Democrat-Gazette" title="Arkansas Democrat-Gazette">Arkansas Democrat-Gazette</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FreePress-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreePress_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFischenich2020" class="citation web cs1">Fischenich, Marl (January 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankatofreepress.com/news/local_news/mankato-council-oks-new-civic-center-name/article_ffe9a17a-364b-11ea-afd5-7f18af25d5d9.html">"Mankato council OKs new civic center name"</a>. <i>Mankato Free Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Morrison16-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison16_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2016" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Matt (March 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-me-0312-irvine-meadows-20160311-story.html">"Curtain to close on Irvine Meadows Amphitheater"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113121943/http://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-me-0312-irvine-meadows-20160311-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Feldt14-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldt14_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeldt2014" class="citation news cs1">Feldt, Brian (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2014/12/17/verizon-wireless-amphitheater-gets-new-name.html">"Verizon Wireless Amphitheater gets new name"</a>. <i>American City Business Journals</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723032420/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2014/12/17/verizon-wireless-amphitheater-gets-new-name.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ruggieri18-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruggieri18_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRuggieri2018" class="citation news cs1">Ruggieri, Melissa (December 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/alpharetta-venue-will-become-ameris-bank-amphitheatre/kokDnGBaEueOYw0RgLgEYO/">"Alpharetta venue will become Ameris Bank Amphitheatre"</a>. <i><a href="Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nakamura07-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakamura07_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Nakamura2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="David_Nakamura" title="David Nakamura">David Nakamura</a> (December 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/01/AR2007120101486.html">"Verizon Center Marks 10th Anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228195338/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/01/AR2007120101486.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Verizon" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Verizon">Verizon</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verizon.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bellsystemmemorial.com/bellopercomp-veizon.html">Bell Operating Companies (from Bell System Memorial)</a></li>
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</style><div id="Verizon391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Lowell_McAdam" title="Lowell McAdam">Lowell McAdam</a> (Chairman)</li>
<li><a href="Hans_Vestberg" title="Hans Vestberg">Hans Vestberg</a> (CEO)</li>
<li><a href="Shellye_Archambeau" title="Shellye Archambeau">Shellye Archambeau</a></li>
<li><a href="Mark_Bertolini" title="Mark Bertolini">Mark Bertolini</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Richard Carrión">Richard Carrión</a></li>
<li><a href="Melanie_Healey" title="Melanie Healey">Melanie Healey</a></li>
<li>M. Frances Keeth</li>
<li><a href="Karl-Ludwig_Kley" title="Karl-Ludwig Kley">Karl-Ludwig Kley</a></li>
<li><a href="Clarence_Otis%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Otis, Jr.">Clarence Otis, Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="Rodney_E._Slater" title="Rodney E. Slater">Rodney E. Slater</a></li>
<li>Kathryn Tesija</li>
<li><a href="Gregory_Wasson" title="Gregory Wasson">Gregory Wasson</a></li>
<li>Gregory G. Weaver</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Telecom services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_High_Speed_Internet" title="Verizon High Speed Internet">Verizon High Speed Internet</a> & <a href="Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon Fios</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_(wireless_service)" title="Verizon (wireless service)">Verizon Wireless</a>
<ul><li><a href="Visible_(wireless_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible (wireless service)">Visible</a></li>
<li><a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Local telephone companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Delaware" title="Verizon Delaware">Verizon Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">Verizon Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_North" title="Verizon North">Verizon North</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">Verizon New England</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">Verizon New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">Verizon New York</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">Verizon Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_South" title="Verizon South">Verizon South</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Washington, DC">Verizon Washington, DC</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">Verizon Virginia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Tech companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Connect">Verizon Connect</a>
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Hum">Verizon Hum</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Acquired companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BlueJeans" title="BlueJeans">BlueJeans</a></li>
<li><a href="GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a></li>
<li><a href="MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a></li>
<li><a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a></li>
<li><a href="XO_Communications" title="XO Communications">XO Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone Wireless</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Empire_City_Subway" title="Empire City Subway">Empire City Subway</a></li>
<li><a href="Terremark" title="Terremark">Terremark</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo (2017–present)">Yahoo Inc.</a> (10%)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2002)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko%2C_LLP" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP">Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP</a></i> (2004)</li>
<li><i><a href="Bell_Atlantic_Corp._v._Twombly" title="Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly">Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Verizon" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Verizon">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Verizon391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;"><div id="Verizon391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Lowell_McAdam" title="Lowell McAdam">Lowell McAdam</a> (Chairman)</li>
<li><a href="Hans_Vestberg" title="Hans Vestberg">Hans Vestberg</a> (CEO)</li>
<li><a href="Shellye_Archambeau" title="Shellye Archambeau">Shellye Archambeau</a></li>
<li><a href="Mark_Bertolini" title="Mark Bertolini">Mark Bertolini</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Richard Carrión">Richard Carrión</a></li>
<li><a href="Melanie_Healey" title="Melanie Healey">Melanie Healey</a></li>
<li>M. Frances Keeth</li>
<li><a href="Karl-Ludwig_Kley" title="Karl-Ludwig Kley">Karl-Ludwig Kley</a></li>
<li><a href="Clarence_Otis%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Otis, Jr.">Clarence Otis, Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="Rodney_E._Slater" title="Rodney E. Slater">Rodney E. Slater</a></li>
<li>Kathryn Tesija</li>
<li><a href="Gregory_Wasson" title="Gregory Wasson">Gregory Wasson</a></li>
<li>Gregory G. Weaver</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Telecom services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Business" title="Verizon Business">Verizon Business</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_High_Speed_Internet" title="Verizon High Speed Internet">Verizon High Speed Internet</a> & <a href="Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon Fios</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_(wireless_service)" title="Verizon (wireless service)">Verizon Wireless</a>
<ul><li><a href="Visible_(wireless_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible (wireless service)">Visible</a></li>
<li><a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Local telephone companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Delaware" title="Verizon Delaware">Verizon Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">Verizon Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_North" title="Verizon North">Verizon North</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">Verizon New England</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">Verizon New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">Verizon New York</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">Verizon Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_South" title="Verizon South">Verizon South</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Washington, DC">Verizon Washington, DC</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">Verizon Virginia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Tech companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Connect">Verizon Connect</a>
<ul><li><a href="Verizon_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Hum">Verizon Hum</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Acquired companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BlueJeans" title="BlueJeans">BlueJeans</a></li>
<li><a href="GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a></li>
<li><a href="MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a></li>
<li><a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a></li>
<li><a href="XO_Communications" title="XO Communications">XO Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TracFone_Wireless" title="TracFone Wireless">TracFone Wireless</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Empire_City_Subway" title="Empire City Subway">Empire City Subway</a></li>
<li><a href="Terremark" title="Terremark">Terremark</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo (2017–present)">Yahoo Inc.</a> (10%)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2002)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko%2C_LLP" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP">Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP</a></i> (2004)</li>
<li><i><a href="Bell_Atlantic_Corp._v._Twombly" title="Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly">Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#cd040b; color:#FFFFFF;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Verizon" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Verizon">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yahoo_Inc.165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Yahoo_Inc.165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Yahoo Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Owned by <a href="Apollo_Global_Management" title="Apollo Global Management">Apollo Global Management</a> (90%) and (10%)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Built_by_Girls" title="Built by Girls">Built by Girls</a></li>
<li><a href="CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Flurry_(company)" title="Flurry (company)">Flurry</a></li>
<li><a href="Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></li>
<li><a href="Rivals.com" title="Rivals.com">Rivals.com</a></li>
<li><a href="RYOT" title="RYOT">RYOT</a></li>
<li><a href="TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></li>
<li><a href="Weblogs%2C_Inc." title="Weblogs, Inc.">Weblogs, Inc.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a></li>
<li><a href="Alto_Mail" title="Alto Mail">Alto Mail</a></li>
<li><a href="Edgecast" title="Edgecast">Edgecast</a></li>
<li><a href="Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li>
<li><a href="Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li>
<li><i><a href="HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li>
<li><a href="MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a></li>
<li><a href="Moviefone" title="Moviefone">Moviefone</a></li>
<li><a href="Polyvore" title="Polyvore">Polyvore</a></li>
<li><a href="Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(1995%E2%80%932017)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)">Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="Altaba" title="Altaba">Altaba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Yahoo183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="OneSearch" class="mw-redirect" title="OneSearch">oneSearch</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo.com</a>
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo_Finance" title="Yahoo Finance">Finance</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">News</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Search" title="Yahoo Search">Search</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Sports" title="Yahoo Sports">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Tech" title="Yahoo Tech">Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Games" title="Yahoo Games">Games</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo_Mail" title="Yahoo Mail">Mail</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Yahoo! Inc. (owner since 2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(1995%E2%80%932017)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)">Yahoo! Inc. (owner until 2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_Yahoo" title="Criticism of Yahoo">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_Yahoo" title="History of Yahoo">History</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Yahoo-owned_sites_and_services" title="List of Yahoo-owned sites and services">Products</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_Yahoo" title="Timeline of Yahoo">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Yahoo" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Yahoo">Acquisitions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo_Auctions" title="Yahoo Auctions">Auctions</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Answers" title="Yahoo Answers">Answers</a></li>
<li><a href="Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Briefcase" title="Yahoo Briefcase">Briefcase</a></li>
<li><a href="GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Groups</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Kickstart</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Kids" title="Yahoo Kids">Kids</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Maps" title="Yahoo Maps">Maps</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Messenger" title="Yahoo Messenger">Messenger</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Music" title="Yahoo Music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Photos" title="Yahoo Photos">Photos</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Pipes" title="Yahoo Pipes">Pipes</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Query_Language" title="Yahoo Query Language">Query Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Smart_TV" title="Yahoo Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Together" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo Together">Together</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Travel" title="Yahoo Travel">Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo View">View</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="David_Filo" title="David Filo">David Filo</a></li>
<li><a href="Marissa_Mayer" title="Marissa Mayer">Marissa Mayer</a></li>
<li><a href="Jerry_Yang" title="Jerry Yang">Jerry Yang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></li>
<li><a href="Altaba" title="Altaba">Altaba</a>
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo China">Yahoo China</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Koprol" title="Koprol">Koprol</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Australia" title="Yahoo Australia">Yahoo Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Japan" title="Yahoo Japan">Yahoo Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Kimo" title="Yahoo Kimo">Yahoo Kimo</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Hong_Kong" title="Yahoo Hong Kong">Yahoo Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Maktoob" title="Yahoo Maktoob">Yahoo Maktoob</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Xtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo Xtra">Yahoo Xtra</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Time_Capsule" title="Yahoo Time Capsule">Yahoo Time Capsule</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="AOL28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aol.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Aol.com">Aol.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo_Search" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo! Search</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AOLserver" title="AOLserver">AOLserver</a></li>
<li><a href="ART_image_file_format" title="ART image file format">ART image file format</a></li>
<li><a href="Elwood_Edwards" title="Elwood Edwards">Elwood Edwards</a></li>
<li><a href="One_by_AOL" title="One by AOL">One by AOL</a></li>
<li><a href="OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="TAC_(software)" title="TAC (software)">TAC</a></li>
<li><a href="Ultravox_(software)" title="Ultravox (software)">Ultravox</a></li>
<li><a href="Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_acquisitions_by_AOL" title="List of acquisitions by AOL">Acquisitions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a></li>
<li><a href="Alto_Mail" title="Alto Mail">Alto Mail</a></li>
<li><a href="Buy.at" title="Buy.at">buy.at</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_Community_Leader_Program" title="AOL Community Leader Program">Community Leader Program</a></li>
<li><a href="CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a></li>
<li><a href="DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="FanHouse" title="FanHouse">FanHouse</a></li>
<li><a href="Ficlets" title="Ficlets">Ficlets</a></li>
<li><a href="GameDaily" title="GameDaily">GameDaily</a></li>
<li><a href="Gravity_(American_company)" title="Gravity (American company)">Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_Hometown" title="AOL Hometown">Hometown</a></li>
<li><a href="In2TV" title="In2TV">In2TV</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Neverwinter_Nights_(1991_video_game)" title="Neverwinter Nights (1991 video game)">Neverwinter Nights</a></i></li>
<li><a href="AOL_On" title="AOL On">On</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a></i></li>
<li><a href="AOLpress" title="AOLpress">press</a></li>
<li><a href="Propeller.com" title="Propeller.com">Propeller.com</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_Radio" title="AOL Radio">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="Radio_KOL_(Kids_Online)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio KOL (Kids Online)">Radio KOL</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_Seed" title="AOL Seed">Seed</a></li>
<li><a href="Singingfish" title="Singingfish">Singingfish</a></li>
<li><a href="Socialthing" title="Socialthing">Socialthing</a></li>
<li><a href="TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li>
<li><a href="AOL_TV" title="AOL TV">TV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bell_System270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bell_System270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parent_company270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parent company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Local_telephone_companies_still_extant270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local telephone companies still extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wholly owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nevada_Bell" title="Nevada Bell">Bell Telephone Company of Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_West_Virginia" title="Frontier West Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Delaware" title="Verizon Delaware">Diamond State Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Illinois_Bell" title="Illinois Bell">Illinois Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Indiana_Bell" title="Indiana Bell">Indiana Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Michigan_Bell" title="Michigan Bell">Michigan Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Qwest_Corporation" title="Qwest Corporation">Mountain Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">New England Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">New Jersey Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">New York Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Northwestern_Bell" title="Northwestern Bell">Northwestern Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Ohio_Bell" title="Ohio Bell">Ohio Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Pacific_Northwest_Bell" title="Pacific Northwest Bell">Pacific Northwest Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="South_Central_Bell" title="South Central Bell">South Central Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Southern_Bell" title="Southern Bell">Southern Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Southwestern_Bell" title="Southwestern Bell">Southwestern Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Wisconsin_Bell" title="Wisconsin Bell">Wisconsin Telephone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Partially owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Frontier_Communications_of_Connecticut" title="Frontier Communications of Connecticut">Southern New England Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Altafiber" title="Altafiber">Cincinnati Bell</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_subsidiaries270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other subsidiaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Long distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_Communications" title="AT&T Communications">Long Lines</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service">Advanced Mobile Phone Service</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Regional Bell companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1880-1975)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Commemorative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li>
<li><a href="Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="Pioneers%2C_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Telephone Pioneers of America</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Spirit_of_Communication" title="Spirit of Communication">Spirit of Communication</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li>
<li><a href="New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a></li>
<li><a href="Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">The Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Bell_Telephone_Company#Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies, Inc.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></li>
<li><a href="Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Company</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spinoffs_of_the_American_Telephone_&amp;_Telegraph_Company117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spinoffs_of_the_American_Telephone_&amp;_Telegraph_Company117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spinoffs of the <a href="AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="First_generation117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First generation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1929</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Graybar_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Graybar Electric Company">Graybar Electric Company</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1956</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a> (via Western Electric)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1984 <a href="Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ameritech" title="Ameritech">Ameritech</a></li>
<li><a href="Iconectiv" title="Iconectiv">Bell Communications Research</a></li>
<li><a href="BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a></li>
<li><a href="NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a></li>
<li><a href="Pacific_Telesis" title="Pacific Telesis">Pacific Telesis</a></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">Southwestern Bell Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="US_West" title="US West">US West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1991–1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="NCR_Voyix" title="NCR Voyix">NCR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_Submarine_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Submarine Systems">AT&T Submarine Systems</a>
<ul><li>sold to <a href="Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_Wireless_Services" title="AT&T Wireless Services">AT&T Wireless Services</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Second_generation_spinoffs117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Second generation spinoffs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_American_Telephones" title="Advanced American Telephones">Advanced American Telephones</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000)</span></li>
<li><a href="Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000)</span></li>
<li><a href="QLT_Consumer_Lease_Services" title="QLT Consumer Lease Services">QLT Consumer Lease Services</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000)</span></li>
<li><a href="Agere_Systems" title="Agere Systems">Agere Systems</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2002)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="US_West" title="US West">US West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne Group</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1998)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="NCR_Voyix" title="NCR Voyix">NCR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="Pacific_Telesis" title="Pacific Telesis">Pacific Telesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AirTouch" title="AirTouch">AirTouch</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1994)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Dex_Media_(Dex_One)" title="Dex Media (Dex One)">Dex Media</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2002)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Iconectiv" title="Iconectiv">Telcordia Technologies</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">SBC Communications / AT&T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="DEX_One" title="DEX One">R.H. Donnelley Publishing and Advertising of Illinois</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2004)</span></li>
<li><a href="YP_Holdings" title="YP Holdings">YP Holdings</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2012)</span></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Communications_of_Connecticut" title="Frontier Communications of Connecticut">Southern New England Telephone</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2005)</span></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications_of_Northern_New_England" title="Consolidated Communications of Northern New England">Northern New England Telephone Operations</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2008)</span></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Communications_ILEC_Holdings" title="Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings">New Communications Holdings</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010)</span></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_California" title="Frontier California">Frontier California</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Florida" title="Frontier Florida">Frontier Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Southwest" title="Frontier Southwest">Frontier Southwest</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_landline_telephone_companies88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_States_landline_telephone_companies88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_United_States_telephone_companies" title="List of United States telephone companies">United States landline telephone companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alaska_Communications" title="Alaska Communications">Alaska Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Altafiber" title="Altafiber">Altafiber</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a></li>
<li><a href="Brightspeed" title="Brightspeed">Brightspeed</a></li>
<li><a href="Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li>
<li><a href="GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li>
<li><a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Windstream_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Windstream Communications">Windstream Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet service providers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a></li>
<li><a href="Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li>
<li><a href="Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a></li>
<li><a href="Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Charter Spectrum</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li>
<li><a href="Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li>
<li><a href="Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li>
<li><a href="Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li>
<li><a href="Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="OneLink_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="OneLink Communications">OneLink Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li>
<li><a href="Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li>
<li><a href="SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li>
<li><a href="Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Xfinity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Altafiber" title="Altafiber">Altafiber</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T_Fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Fiber">AT&T Fiber</a></li>
<li><a href="Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Fiber" title="Frontier Fiber">Frontier Fiber</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber</a></li>
<li><a href="Greenlight_Networks" title="Greenlight Networks">Greenlight Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li>
<li><a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li>
<li><a href="NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Phonoscope_Communications" title="Phonoscope Communications">Phonoscope Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Sonic.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic.net">Sonic.net</a></li>
<li><a href="Stealth_Communications" title="Stealth Communications">Stealth Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Ting_Inc." title="Ting Inc.">Ting Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream</a></li>
<li><a href="Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">Copper / DSL ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T_Internet" title="AT&T Internet">AT&T Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="CenturyLink" class="mw-redirect" title="CenturyLink">CenturyLink</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="EarthLink" title="EarthLink">EarthLink</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_High_Speed_Internet" title="Verizon High Speed Internet">Verizon</a></li>
<li><a href="Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream</a></li>
<li><a href="Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">HughsNet</a></li>
<li><a href="Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li>
<li><a href="Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Defunct ISP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apex_Global_Internet_Services" title="Apex Global Internet Services">AGIS</a></li>
<li><a href="Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS</a></li>
<li><a href="Boston_CitiNet" title="Boston CitiNet">Boston CitiNet</a></li>
<li><a href="ATMNet" title="ATMNet">ATMNet</a></li>
<li><a href="%40Home_Network" title="@Home Network">@Home</a></li>
<li><a href="Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a></li>
<li><a href="Pure_Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Talk">Pure Talk</a></li>
<li><a href="Texas.net" title="Texas.net">Texas.net</a></li>
<li><a href="WorldWide_Access" title="WorldWide Access">WorldWide Access</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_(multi-channel_video_programming_distributors)_in_the_United_States669" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_(multi-channel_video_programming_distributors)_in_the_United_States669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (<a href="Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States" title="Multichannel television in the United States">multi-channel video programming distributors</a>) in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a>
<ul><li><a href="Optimum_(brand)" title="Optimum (brand)">Optimum</a></li>
<li><a href="Suddenlink_Communications" title="Suddenlink Communications">Suddenlink Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a>
<ul><li><a href="Grande_Communications" title="Grande Communications">Grande Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="RCN_Corporation" title="RCN Corporation">RCN Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="Wave_Broadband" title="Wave Broadband">Wave Broadband</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T_Alascom" title="AT&T Alascom">AT&T Alascom</a></li>
<li><a href="Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li>
<li><a href="Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Comcast Xfinity</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li>
<li><a href="Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li>
<li><a href="Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li>
<li><a href="Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Liberty_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberty Puerto Rico">Liberty Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li>
<li><a href="Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Spectrum</a></li>
<li><a href="SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li>Troy Cablevision</li>
<li><a href="TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li>
<li><a href="DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li>
<li><a href="Glorystar" title="Glorystar">Glorystar</a></li>
<li><a href="Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a><br>/ <a href="IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell Fioptics</a></li>
<li><a href="Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li>
<li><a href="Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li>
<li><a href="Frontier_FiberOptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier FiberOptic">Frontier FiberOptic</a></li>
<li><a href="GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li>
<li><a href="Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li>
<li><a href="Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li>
<li><a href="NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Datastream TV</a></li>
<li><a href="North_State_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="North State Communications">North State Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Sonic_(ISP)" title="Sonic (ISP)">Sonic.net</a></li>
<li><a href="TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li>
<li><a href="Whidbey_Telecom" title="Whidbey Telecom">Whidbey Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream Kinetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States#Virtual_MVPD,_TV_Everywhere,_and_over-the-top_media_services" title="Multichannel television in the United States">Virtual<br>MVPD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Frndly_TV" title="Frndly TV">Frndly TV</a></li>
<li><a href="FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li>
<li><a href="Hulu#Hulu_+_Live_TV_service" title="Hulu">Hulu + Live TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a></li>
<li><a href="Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Spectrum_TV_Stream" title="Spectrum TV Stream">Spectrum TV Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Xfinity_Flex" title="Xfinity Flex">Xfinity Flex</a></li>
<li><a href="YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-<br>the-top<br>VOD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="A%26E_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a>
<ul><li><a href="A%26E_Crime_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Crime Central">Crime Central</a></li>
<li><a href="History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Vault</a></li>
<li><a href="Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime Movie Club</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>
<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a></li>
<li><a href="MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li>
<li><a href="Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li>
<li><a href="ScreenPix" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenPix">ScreenPix</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a>
<ul><li><a href="Acorn_TV" title="Acorn TV">Acorn TV</a></li>
<li><a href="AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li>
<li><a href="Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li>
<li><a href="IFC_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="IFC Films">IFC Films Unlimited</a></li>
<li><a href="Shudder_(streaming_service)" title="Shudder (streaming service)">Shudder</a></li>
<li><a href="Sundance_TV" title="Sundance TV">Sundance Now</a></li>
<li><a href="Allblk" title="Allblk">Allblk</a></li>
<li><a href="WE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WE TV">WE TV+</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Angel_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li>
<li><a href="BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li>
<li><a href="Bounce_TV#Brown_Sugar" title="Bounce TV">Brown Sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="BroadwayHD" title="BroadwayHD">BroadwayHD</a></li>
<li><a href="Cineverse" title="Cineverse">Cineverse</a>
<ul><li><a href="CONtv" title="CONtv">CONtv</a></li>
<li><a href="Docurama" title="Docurama">Docurama</a></li>
<li><a href="Dove_Channel_(streaming_service)" title="Dove Channel (streaming service)">Dove Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="Fandor" title="Fandor">Fandor</a></li>
<li><a href="Screambox" class="mw-redirect" title="Screambox">Screambox</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="CW_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="CW Seed">CW Seed</a></li>
<li><a href="Dekkoo" title="Dekkoo">Dekkoo</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>
<ul><li><a href="Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li>
<li><a href="Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li>
<li><a href="ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="DOGTV" title="DOGTV">DOGTV</a></li>
<li><a href="Dropout_(media_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropout (media company)">Dropout</a></li>
<li><a href="Eros_Now" title="Eros Now">Eros Now</a></li>
<li><a href="Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a></li>
<li><a href="FilmRise" title="FilmRise">FilmRise</a></li>
<li><a href="Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hallmark%2B" title="Hallmark+">Hallmark+</a></li>
<li><a href="Here_TV" title="Here TV">Here TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Kino_Lorber" title="Kino Lorber">Kino Lorber</a>
<ul><li><a href="MHz_Networks#MHz_Choice" title="MHz Networks">MHz Choice</a></li>
<li>Kino Film Collection</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kocowa" title="Kocowa">Kocowa</a></li>
<li><a href="Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li>
<li><a href="Mubi_(streaming_service)" title="Mubi (streaming service)">MUBI</a></li>
<li><a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li>
<li><a href="NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a>
<ul><li><a href="Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li>
<li><a href="Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li>
<li><a href="Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="NFL%2B" title="NFL+">NFL+</a></li>
<li><a href="Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>
<ul><li><a href="BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li>
<li><a href="Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li>
<li><a href="Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Racetrack_Television_Network" title="Racetrack Television Network">Racetrack Television Network</a></li>
<li><a href="Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li>
<li><a href="Revry" title="Revry">Revry</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">Roku Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony</a>
<ul><li><a href="Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Samsung_TV_Plus" title="Samsung TV Plus">Samsung TV Plus</a></li>
<li><a href="Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li>
<li><a href="Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li>
<li><a href="TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pantaya" title="Pantaya">Pantaya</a></li>
<li><a href="TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision NOW</a></li>
<li><a href="Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivo">Tivo Stream 4k</a></li>
<li><a href="First_Look_Media" title="First Look Media">Topic</a></li>
<li><a href="UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a></li>
<li><a href="Viki_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a></li>
<li><a href="Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li>
<li><a href="Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>
<ul><li><a href="Boomerang_(TV_network)" title="Boomerang (TV network)">Boomerang</a></li>
<li><a href="Cinemax" title="Cinemax">Cinemax</a></li>
<li><a href="Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a></li>
<li><a href="Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network Kitchen</a></li>
<li><a href="Max_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li>
<li><a href="Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="WOW_Presents_Plus" title="WOW Presents Plus">WOW Presents Plus</a></li>
<li><a href="WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a></li>
<li><a href="YuppTV" title="YuppTV">YuppTV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="Alameda_Municipal_Power" title="Alameda Municipal Power">Alameda Power and Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a>
<ul><li><a href="MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne/Continental Cablevision</a></li>
<li><a href="Tele-Communications_Inc." title="Tele-Communications Inc.">Tele-Communications Inc.</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Baja_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Broadband">Baja Broadband</a>
<ul><li><a href="US_Cable" title="US Cable">US Cable</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bresnan_Communications" title="Bresnan Communications">Bresnan Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House Networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a></li>
<li><a href="Champion_Broadband" title="Champion Broadband">Champion Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a>
<ul><li><a href="Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a></li>
<li><a href="Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cobridge_Communications" title="Cobridge Communications">Cobridge Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Community_Home_Entertainment" title="Community Home Entertainment">Community Home Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="FairPoint_Communications" title="FairPoint Communications">FairPoint Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Graceba_Total_Communications" title="Graceba Total Communications">Graceba Total Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Insight_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight Communications">Insight Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Jones_Intercable" title="Jones Intercable">Jones Intercable</a></li>
<li><a href="King_Videocable" title="King Videocable">King Videocable</a></li>
<li><a href="Knology" class="mw-redirect" title="Knology">Knology</a></li>
<li><a href="Marcus_Cable" title="Marcus Cable">Marcus Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company#Cable_operations" title="News-Press & Gazette Company">NPG Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Paragon_Cable" title="Paragon Cable">Paragon Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_Communications" title="Rapid Communications">Rapid Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="TelePrompTer_Corporation" title="TelePrompTer Corporation">TelePrompTer/Group W Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a></li>
<li><a href="UA-Columbia_Cablevision" title="UA-Columbia Cablevision">UA-Columbia Cablevision</a></li>
<li><a href="Windjammer_Communications" title="Windjammer Communications">Windjammer Communications</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AlphaStar_(satellite_broadcasting_service)" title="AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service)">AlphaStar</a></li>
<li><a href="GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Orby_TV" title="Orby TV">Orby TV</a></li>
<li><a href="PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="United States Satellite Broadcasting">United States Satellite Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="Voom_HD_Networks" title="Voom HD Networks">Voom HD Networks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AT%26T_U-verse" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T U-verse">AT&T U-verse</a></li>
<li><a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen</a> <a href="Prism_TV" title="Prism TV">Prism TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Sky_Angel" title="Sky Angel">Sky Angel</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_Digital_Cable" title="Virtual Digital Cable">Virtual Digital Cable</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="USDTV" title="USDTV">USDTV</a></li>
<li><a href="MovieBeam" title="MovieBeam">MovieBeam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual MVPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a></li>
<li><a href="HDHomeRun#HDHomeRum_Premium_TV" title="HDHomeRun">HD HomeRun Premium TV</a></li>
<li><a href="LocalBTV" title="LocalBTV">LocalBTV</a></li>
<li><a href="Locast" title="Locast">Locast</a></li>
<li><a href="T-Mobile_US#TVision" title="T-Mobile US">TVision Live TV+</a></li>
<li><a href="PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li>
<li><a href="Vidgo" title="Vidgo">Vidgo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Over-the-top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a></li>
<li><a href="CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li>
<li><a href="Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central Now</a></li>
<li><a href="DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="DramaFever" title="DramaFever">DramaFever</a></li>
<li><a href="FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li>
<li><a href="Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li>
<li><a href="FX_(TV_channel)#FX+" title="FX (TV channel)">FX+</a></li>
<li><a href="Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li>
<li><a href="NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">MTV Hits</a></li>
<li><a href="Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">NickHits</a></li>
<li><a href="Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li>
<li><a href="Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li>
<li><a href="Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel Plus</a></li>
<li><a href="SnagFilms" title="SnagFilms">SnagFilms</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Additional_resources_on_North_American_television87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Additional resources on North American television</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>List of local television stations in North America</li>
<li>DTV transition</li>
<li>North American TV mini-template</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Canadian networks</li>
<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_television_networks" title="List of Canadian television networks">List of Canadian television networks</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_television_channels" title="List of Canadian television channels">List of Canadian television channels</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_specialty_channels" title="List of Canadian specialty channels">List of Canadian specialty channels</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_television_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian television stations">Local Canadian TV stations</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_United_States_stations_available_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States stations available in Canada">List of United States stations available in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Vancouver_TV_realignment" title="2001 Vancouver TV realignment">2001 Vancouver TV realignment</a></li>
<li><a href="2007_Canada_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment">2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mexican networks</li>
<li><a href="List_of_television_stations_in_Mexico" title="List of television stations in Mexico">Local Mexican TV stations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>American networks</li>
<li><a href="List_of_United_States_cable_and_satellite_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States cable and satellite television channels">List of American cable and satellite networks</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">List of American over-the-air networks</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_W)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter W)">Local American TV stations (W)</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)">Local American TV stations (K)</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Spanish-language_television_networks_in_the_United_States" title="List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States">Spanish-language TV networks</a></li>
<li><a href="1989_South_Florida_television_affiliation_switch" title="1989 South Florida television affiliation switch">1989 South Florida television affiliation switch</a></li>
<li><a href="1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment">1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment</a></li>
<li><a href="2006_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="2006 United States broadcast television realignment">2006 U.S. TV realignment</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_television_stations_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of Canadian television stations available in the United States">List of Canadian television stations available in the United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</li>
<li>Americas</li>
<li>Europe</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Components_of_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of the <a href="Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="3M" title="3M">3M</a></li>
<li><a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a></li>
<li><a href="Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li>
<li><a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></li>
<li><a href="Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a></li>
<li><a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li>
<li><a href="Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li>
<li><a href="Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a></li>
<li><a href="Home_Depot" title="Home Depot">Home Depot</a></li>
<li><a href="Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li>
<li><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li>
<li><a href="Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a></li>
<li><a href="McDonald's" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a></li>
<li><a href="Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>
<li><a href="Nike%2C_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a></li>
<li><a href="Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a></li>
<li><a href="Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a></li>
<li><a href="Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li>
<li><a href="Sherwin-Williams" title="Sherwin-Williams">Sherwin-Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Travelers_Companies" title="The Travelers Companies">Travelers</a></li>
<li><a href="UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth</a></li>
<li><a href="Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a></li>
<li><a href="Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>
<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>
<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>
<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>
<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>
<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>
<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>
<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li>
<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>
<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>
<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>
<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>
<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>
<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>
<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>
<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>
<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>
<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>
<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>
<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li>
<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>
<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>
<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>
<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>
<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>
<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>
<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>
<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>
<li><a href="Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li>
<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>
<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>
<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>
<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>
<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>
<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>
<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>
<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>
<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>
<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>
<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>
<li><a href="Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li>
<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>
<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>
<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>
<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>
<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>
<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>
<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>
<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>
<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>
<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>
<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>
<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>
<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>
<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>
<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>
<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>
<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>
<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>
<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>
<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>
<li><i><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br>media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>
<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>
<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>
<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>
<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>
<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>
<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br>and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>
<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>
<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>
<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>
<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>
<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>
<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>
<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>
<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>
<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>
<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li>
<li><a href="Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>
<li><a href="UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li>
<li><a href="Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li>
<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>
<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>
<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>
<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>
<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>
<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>
<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>
<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>
<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Africa</li>
<li>Americas
<ul><li>North</li>
<li>South</li></ul></li>
<li>Antarctica</li>
<li>Asia</li>
<li>Europe</li>
<li>Oceania</li>
<li><i><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_telecommunications_companies92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_telecommunications_companies92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="Telecommunications_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications companies">telecommunications companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$10 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Am%C3%A9rica_M%C3%B3vil" title="América Móvil">América Móvil</a>
<ul><li><a href="Telmex" title="Telmex">Telmex</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a></li>
<li><a href="Axiata" title="Axiata">Axiata</a></li>
<li><a href="Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a></li>
<li><a href="Bridge_Alliance" title="Bridge Alliance">Bridge Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>
<ul><li><a href="CMHK" title="CMHK">CMHK</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="China_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="China Telecommunications Corporation">China Telecommunications Corporation</a>
<ul><li><a href="China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a></li>
<li><a href="Chunghwa_Telecom" title="Chunghwa Telecom">Chunghwa Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="CK_Hutchison_Holdings" title="CK Hutchison Holdings">CK Hutchison Holdings</a>
<ul><li><a href="3_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (telecommunications)">Three</a></li>
<li><a href="Hutchison_Asia_Telecom" title="Hutchison Asia Telecom">Hutchison Asia Telecom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a></li>
<li><a href="Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>
<ul><li><a href="T-Mobile_(brand)" title="T-Mobile (brand)">T-Mobile</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a></li>
<li><a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">GoI</a>
<ul><li><a href="Vodafone_Idea" title="Vodafone Idea">Vodafone Idea</a></li>
<li><a href="Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">DoT</a>
<ul><li><a href="BSNL" title="BSNL">BSNL</a></li>
<li><a href="Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam">MTNL</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe</a></li>
<li><a href="Jio" title="Jio">Jio</a></li>
<li><a href="KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li>
<li><a href="KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a></li>
<li><a href="KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="Liberty_Global" title="Liberty Global">Liberty Global</a>
<ul><li>Liberty LA
<ul><li><a href="Liberty_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberty Puerto Rico">Liberty PR</a></li>
<li><a href="Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a></li>
<li><a href="MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a></li>
<li><a href="Nippon_Telegraph_%26_Telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Telegraph & Telephone">NTT</a>
<ul><li><a href="NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi</a></li>
<li><a href="Ooredoo" title="Ooredoo">Ooredoo</a></li>
<li><a href="Orange_Group" title="Orange Group">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a></li>
<li><a href="PLDT" title="PLDT">PLDT</a></li>
<li><a href="Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers</a></li>
<li><a href="Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a></li>
<li><a href="SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Spark</a></li>
<li><a href="Swisscom" title="Swisscom">Swisscom</a></li>
<li><a href="Tata_Teleservices" title="Tata Teleservices">Tata Teleservices</a></li>
<li><a href="Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a>
<ul><li><a href="Movistar" title="Movistar">Movistar</a></li>
<li><a href="O2_(brand)" title="O2 (brand)">O2</a></li>
<li><a href="Vivo_(telecommunications_company)" title="Vivo (telecommunications company)">Vivo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a></li>
<li><a href="Telkom_Indonesia" title="Telkom Indonesia">Telkom Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a></li>
<li><a href="Telus_Communications" title="Telus Communications">Telus</a></li>
<li><a href="TIM_Group" title="TIM Group">TIM</a></li>
<li><a href="TPG_Telecom" title="TPG Telecom">TPG Telecom</a></li>
<li><a href="Trilogy_International_Partners" title="Trilogy International Partners">Trilogy International Partners</a></li>
<li><a href="True_Corporation" title="True Corporation">True</a></li>
<li><a href="T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" title="Türk Telekom">Türk Telekom</a></li>
<li><a href="Veon_(company)" title="Veon (company)">VEON</a></li>
<li><a href="Viettel" title="Viettel">Viettel</a></li>
<li><a href="Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>
<ul><li><a href="Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Security_Agency141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="National_Security_Agency141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alaska_Mission_Operations_Center" title="Alaska Mission Operations Center">Alaska Mission Operations Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Colorado Cryptologic Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Consolidated_Intelligence_Center" title="Consolidated Intelligence Center">Consolidated Intelligence Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Special_Collection_Service" title="Special Collection Service">CSSG</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dagger_Complex" title="Dagger Complex">European Cryptologic Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="European_Technical_Center" title="European Technical Center">European Technical Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort Meade</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Friendship_Annex" title="Friendship Annex">Friendship Annex</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Georgia_Cryptologic_Center" title="Georgia Cryptologic Center">Georgia Cryptologic Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hawaii_Cryptologic_Center" title="Hawaii Cryptologic Center">Hawaii Cryptologic Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Interagency_Training_Center" title="Interagency Training Center">Interagency Training Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kent_Island_Research_Facility" title="Kent Island Research Facility">Kent Island</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Misawa_Security_Operations_Center" title="Misawa Security Operations Center">Misawa Security Operations Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Multiprogram_Research_Facility" title="Multiprogram Research Facility">Multiprogram Research Facility</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pine_Gap" title="Pine Gap">Pine Gap</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="RAF_Menwith_Hill" title="RAF Menwith Hill">RAF Menwith Hill</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Roaring_Creek_Station" title="Roaring Creek Station">Roaring Creek</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Room_641A" title="Room 641A">Room 641A</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Salt_Creek_Station" title="Salt Creek Station">Salt Creek</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sugar_Grove_Station" title="Sugar Grove Station">Sugar Grove</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Texas_Cryptologic_Center" title="Texas Cryptologic Center">Texas Cryptologic Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Utah_Data_Center" title="Utah Data Center">Utah Data Center</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency" title="Director of the National Security Agency">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ralph_Canine" title="Ralph Canine">Ralph Canine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_A._Samford" title="John A. Samford">John A. Samford</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Laurence_Hugh_Frost" title="Laurence Hugh Frost">Laurence Hugh Frost</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gordon_Blake" title="Gordon Blake">Gordon Blake</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Marshall_Carter" title="Marshall Carter">Marshall Carter</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Noel_Gayler" title="Noel Gayler">Noel Gayler</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lew_Allen" title="Lew Allen">Lew Allen</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bobby_Ray_Inman" title="Bobby Ray Inman">Bobby Ray Inman</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lincoln_D._Faurer" title="Lincoln D. Faurer">Lincoln D. Faurer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">William Eldridge Odom</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bill_Studeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Studeman">Bill Studeman</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Michael_McConnell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Michael McConnell">John Michael McConnell</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kenneth_Minihan" title="Kenneth Minihan">Kenneth Minihan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Keith_B._Alexander" title="Keith B. Alexander">Keith B. Alexander</a> </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Michael_S._Rogers" title="Michael S. Rogers">Michael S. Rogers</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Central_Security_Service" title="Central Security Service">CSS</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Special_Collection_Service" title="Special Collection Service">Special Collection Service</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Special_Source_Operations" title="Special Source Operations">SSO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">TAO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Security_Operations_Center" title="National Security Operations Center">NSOC</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="ANT_catalog" title="ANT catalog">ANT catalog</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="FROSTBURG" title="FROSTBURG">FROSTBURG</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IBM_7950_Harvest" title="IBM 7950 Harvest">HARVEST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Secure_Terminal_Equipment" title="Secure Terminal Equipment">Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="STU-I" title="STU-I">STU-I</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="STU-II" title="STU-II">STU-II</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="STU-III" title="STU-III">STU-III</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="WARRIOR_PRIDE" title="WARRIOR PRIDE">WARRIOR PRIDE</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">2010s global surveillance disclosures</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="LOVEINT" title="LOVEINT">LOVEINT</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_Bamford" title="James Bamford">James Bamford</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%932007)" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)">NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Pike Committee</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Russ_Tice" title="Russ Tice">Russ Tice</a> </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Matthew_Aid" title="Matthew Aid">Matthew Aid</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">Boundless Informant</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dropmire" title="Dropmire">Dropmire</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Echelon_(signals_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echelon (signals intelligence)">ECHELON</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fairview_(surveillance_program)" title="Fairview (surveillance program)">Fairview</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Insider_Threat_Program" title="Insider Threat Program">Insider Threat Program</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="MUSCULAR" title="MUSCULAR">MUSCULAR</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="MYSTIC_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYSTIC (surveillance program)">MYSTIC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Real_Time_Regional_Gateway" title="Real Time Regional Gateway">Real Time Regional Gateway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stellar_Wind" title="Stellar Wind">Stellar Wind</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Trailblazer_Project" title="Trailblazer Project">TRAILBLAZER</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Upstream_collection" title="Upstream collection">Upstream</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="DISHFIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="DISHFIRE">DISHFIRE</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Main_Core" title="Main Core">Main Core</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="MAINWAY" title="MAINWAY">MAINWAY</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="MARINA" title="MARINA">MARINA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="PINWALE" class="mw-redirect" title="PINWALE">PINWALE</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dundee_Society" title="Dundee Society">Dundee Society</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Cryptologic_Museum" title="National Cryptologic Museum">National Cryptologic Museum</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Cryptologic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cryptologic School">National Cryptologic School</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Vigilance_Park" title="National Vigilance Park">National Vigilance Park</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="NSA_Hall_of_Honor" title="NSA Hall of Honor">NSA Hall of Honor</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Venona_project" title="Venona project">VENONA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vulnerabilities_Equities_Process" title="Vulnerabilities Equities Process">Vulnerabilities Equities Process</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zendian_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Zendian Problem">Zendian Problem</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumblr130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #35465c; color: white;"><div id="Tumblr130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tumblr" title="Tumblr"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tumblr</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> (2013–2017)</li>
<li> (2017–2019)
<ul><li><a href="Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Oath Inc.</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Automattic" title="Automattic">Automattic</a> (2019–present)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Marco_Arment" title="Marco Arment">Marco Arment</a></li>
<li><a href="Amanda_Brennan" title="Amanda Brennan">Amanda Brennan</a></li>
<li><a href="David_Karp" title="David Karp">David Karp</a></li>
<li><a href="Matt_Mullenweg" title="Matt Mullenweg">Matt Mullenweg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boneghazi" title="Boneghazi">Boneghazi</a></li>
<li><a href="DashCon" title="DashCon">DashCon</a></li>
<li><a href="Don't_talk_to_me_or_my_son_ever_again" title="Don't talk to me or my son ever again">Don't talk to me or my son ever again</a></li>
<li><a href="Goncharov_(meme)" title="Goncharov (meme)"><i>Goncharov</i></a></li>
<li><a href="None_Pizza_with_Left_Beef" title="None Pizza with Left Beef">None Pizza with Left Beef</a></li>
<li><a href="Seapunk" title="Seapunk">Seapunk</a></li>
<li><a href="Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li>
<li><a href="Soft_grunge" title="Soft grunge">Soft grunge</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiders_Georg" title="Spiders Georg">Spiders Georg</a></li>
<li><a href="Tumblr_Sexyman" title="Tumblr Sexyman">Tumblr Sexyman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Blogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cursed_image" title="Cursed image">Cursed image</a></li>
<li><a href="David_Olshanetsky" title="David Olshanetsky">David Olshanetsky</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="McMansion_Hell" title="McMansion Hell">McMansion Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="Yo%2C_Is_This_Racist%3F" title="Yo, Is This Racist?">Yo, Is This Racist?</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000102612519">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141995568">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6763168049004038410009">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Verizon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1371360685">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002081421">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512498006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/1ab295e1-d682-49f0-8e72-d9565e89be86">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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